BAF反应器中好氧反硝化细菌的筛选分离及反硝化特性研究

针对BAF反应器出水总氮浓度显著减少这一现象,以反应器中的生物膜为接种物,采用倍比稀释和酸碱指示剂培养基相结合的方法,成功筛选得到2株能有效降解硝酸盐氮的菌株N1和H1,从而证明好氧BAF反应器的生物膜中确实存在好氧反硝化细菌。经形态观察和生理生化特征分析,初步鉴定菌株N1和H1均为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）。菌株N1和H1好氧反硝化特性测试表明其对硝酸盐氮的反硝化作用主要发生在对数生长期。生态影响因子试验确定菌株好氧反硝化过程主要影响因素是投菌量、温度、初始pH和C/N。适宜的反硝化运行参数分别为：投菌量5%和10%,温度30℃和25℃,初始pH值6.0, C/N（摩尔比）12.0:1和4.6:1。该研究可为好氧BAF工艺短程同步硝化反硝化的设计和运行提供理论和技术支持。     

数字图像处理技术在棒材计数中的应用

利用数码相机获取棒材端面的图像，通过对图像格式转化、灰度化处理得到灰度图像，再进行平滑处理抑制噪声、锐化处理突出目标、选择合适的闻值转换为二值图像，然后进行形态学腐蚀操作去掉棒材之间的粘连，最终得到分割效果较好的图像，为后续棒材的计数奠定了基础。     

瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法在反刍动物中的应用

瘤胃微生物作为一个完整的生态系统,受日粮成分、饲养方式、季节等诸多因素的影响,认识瘤胃微生物的功能及其活动规律复杂而困难。瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法有亨氏滚管法和最大或然数计数法,二者有着各自的优缺点。本文综述了瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法的应用状况及各自的优缺点。     

奶牛TMR饲料的研究进展

介绍了全混合日粮的概念,指出了使用全混合日粮的必要性;并对全混合日粮在奶牛生产中的应用进行了论述,提出全混合日粮是奶牛集约化养殖的必然趋势。     

中药添加剂降低牛奶中体细胞作用的功效试验

乳汁中体细胞增高,是奶牛隐性乳腺炎的主要指标,用传统中兽医理论组方,针对奶牛隐性乳腺炎,配制了一种具有清热解毒、通经活络和提高乳房抵抗力及免疫功能的中药添加剂——"降体细胞中药添加剂",并对奶牛隐性乳腺炎病例进行了降低体细胞的治疗试验。结果显示,其一个疗程(7d)对奶牛隐性乳腺炎病例降低体细胞功能的有效率为83%,略高于市售产品对照组80%的有效率。因为是纯中药配方,可作为市售同功效但泌乳期禁用药物的替代产品。     

淹水厌氧培养对水稻土中酶活性的影响

An incubation experiment with soil water content treatments of 0.15 （W1）, 0.20 （W2）, and 0.40 （W3） g g^-1 soil was carried out for two months to investigate the activities of important enzymes involved in C, N, P, and S cycling in a paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, China, under waterlogged and aerobic conditions. Compared with air-dried soil, waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease （P ≤ 0.05） of fluorescein diacetate （FDA） and /3-D-glucosidase activities, and this effect was enhanced with increasing waterlogging time. Waterlogging also significantly inhibited （P ≤ 0.05） arylsulfatase as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, but did not decrease the activities with the increase in waterlogging time. Short-term waterlogging did not affect urease activity, but prolonged waterlogging decreased it markedly. In contrast, the aerobic incubation （W1 and W2 treatments） significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） FDA, alkaline phosphatase, and /3-D-glucosidase activities. With aerobic treatments the activities of FDA and alkaline phosphatase increased with incubation time, whereas /3-D-glucosidase activity decreased. A significant difference （P ≤ 0.05） was usually observed between the W1 and W2 treatments for the activities of FDA as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase; however,/3-D-glucosidase and urease were usually not significant （P ≤ 0.05）. No activity differences were observed between waterlogging and aerobic incubation for arylsulfatase and urease.     

稻草基生态护坡板及其拦截污染物效率的实验研究

以稻草为主要原材料,采用"复合压板"工艺,研制一种可以复绿的护坡基材。经过高羊茅草种子的发芽试验表明:该基材可以作为植物生长的载体,并为植物提供营养供给。基材绿化后形成的护坡材料在径流速度为0.5L/s和坡度55o的条件下,可以有效延迟径流停留时间,对悬浮固体的平均拦截效率为85%,对水溶性磷和泥沙结合态磷的平均拦截率为93%和84%。经过生物安全性测试,表明稻草基护坡材料具有环境安全性。生态护坡材料的开发,可以有效遏制我国大量稻草资源的浪费以及缓解污染环境。     

Effect of subcritical hydrophobicity in a sandy soil on water infiltration and mobile water content

Recent research shows that most soils are more or less water repellent. Already subcritical water repellency may cause incomplete soil wetting and preferential flow. Both processes potentially reduce the residence time of water and solutes in the vadose zone, resulting in an enhanced risk of groundwater contamination. The objective of the present paper is, therefore, to evaluate the impact of reduced soil wettability on the soil water infiltration rate and to investigate the tendency towards preferential flow with the analysis of the immobile water content in the infiltration zone. In november 2002, a field experiment was done in a coniferous forest, 30 km N of Hannover, Germany. Soil hydrophobicity was quantified by measuring the contact angles. The hydraulic conductivity of the podsolic sandy soil was measured depth‐dependent with a double‐ring tension infiltrometer in three soil horizons. To quantify possible preferential‐flow effects, a LiBr‐Tracer was added to the infiltrating water to evaluate the mobile water‐content fraction after infiltration. Additionally, infiltration rates of water were compared with infiltration rates of ethanol which were determined after water infiltration at the same locations. Results show that the actual water repellency of field‐moist soil was mainly subcritical (contact angle <90°). Water infiltration rates were reduced due to subcritical repellency by a factor of 3–170 compared with ethanol infiltration rates (exclusion of wetting effects). This spatially variable infiltration behavior was not clearly reflected neither by the small‐scale contact‐angle measurements nor by the analysis of the average immobile soil water content in the infiltration zone. We conclude that this specific infiltration behavior of water caused by small‐scale wettability effects may temporarily reduce the local connectivity of water‐flow pathways.     

上海郊区河流沉积物N、P释放的初步研究

A laboratory study was conducted to observe the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from the sedimentsunder both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The samples used were five creek sediments and a fish-pondsediment (as a comparison) obtained from suburban Shanghai. High loads of nitrogen and phosphoruswere found in the creek sediments. Total nitrogen of the sediments ranged from 1.17 to 5.95 g kg^-1; totalphosphorus from 608.63 to 2 033.95 mg kg^-1. Making up more than 90% of the total nitrogen, organicnitrogen was the dominant nitrogen fraction in the sediments; where as inorganic phosphorus was the dominant phosphorus fraction, which made up more than 85 percent of the total phosphorus. Cabound phosphorus fraction dominated inorganic phosphorus, which occupied more than 50% of the total. A large amount of ammonium was released from the sediments under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the anaerobic releases were slightly greater than the aerobic. In addition, ammonium contents in the aerobic waters decreased sharply after reaching the peaks because of strong nitrification, compared with the relatively maintained ammonium peaks in the anaerobic waters. Anaerobic phosphate releases were much greater than the aerobic and the released ortho-phosphate was mainly from Fe-bound phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the sample of the dredged creek were the lowest, showing that creek dredging could effectively remove contaminants from the surface of sediments and weaken the release potentials of nitrogen and phosphorus. Ammonium and ortho-phosphate releases from the fish-pond sediment were greater than those from the creek sediments though its total nitrogen and phosphorus were not the highest, which was probably due to the larger amount of biologically degraded organic matter in the fish-pond sediment.     

张河湾抽水蓄能电站1号机组转子安装出现的问题及解决方法

文章介绍了张河湾抽水蓄能电站转子结构特点及安装工艺,分析了转子安装过程中出现的磁轭冲片受损、拉紧度不够等原因及解决办法,介绍了如何解决安装过程中分块式压板的水平度调整。